This book identifies the factors that have contributed to the onset and continuation of the Syrian civil war, moves on to an analysis of the outbreak and growth of the war, and points out key factors that fueled its intensity. A look at the Islamic State considers the internationalization of the Syrian civil war, explaining how the addition of many parties outside of Syria have made the war more violent and protracted. It concludes by considering alternative endings for the conflict and addressing the role of world powers in the conflict and its outcome.