This book examines the nature of transnational organized crime and gangs, and how these diverse organizations contribute to violence, especially in so-called fragile states across Central and Latin America. While the nature of organized crime and violence differs depending on the context, the authors explain how and why states plagued by weak institutions tend to foster criminal organizations and violence, and why counter-crime initiatives often result in higher levels of violence. By examining the consequences of tough on crime policies (e.g., mano dura) in places like Mexico, El Salvador, and Colombia, the volume offers a new perspective on the link between state fragility, crime, and violence. It explores how fragile states have difficulty controlling territory and are plagued by weak institutions; seeks to explain how the vicious cycle of state weakness leads to crime and violence; and examines the different forms of violence that exist today and contends that many groups use violence for a specific purpose.