This text is designed for researchers and clinicians involved in urologic practice, including urologists, medical oncologists, pathologists and radiologists. It provides comprehensive guidance for treating and understanding bladder cancer and serves as an up-to-date reference reflecting evidence-based research. The biological behavior of this disease entity shows a heterogeneous pattern with diverse morbidity and mortality depending on a variety of factors, such as tumor characteristics (tumor stage, grade, size, number, shape, and histologic subtypes) and applied treatment modalities (surgery or non-surgical management).