How did New Testament authors use Israel's Scriptures? Use, misuse, appropriation, citation, allusion, inspiration-how do we characterize the manifold images, paraphrase, and quotation of the Jewish Scriptures that pervade the New Testament? Over the past few decades, scholars have tackled the question with a variety of methodologies. New Testament authors were part of a broader landscape of Jewish interpreters playing with Scripture. Recent studies have sought to understand the various compositional techniques of the early Christians who composed the New Testament in this context and on the authors' own terms. In this landmark collection of essays, the editors marshal an international group of renowned scholars to analyze the New Testament, text-by-text, aiming to better understand what roles Israel's Scriptures play therein. In addition to explicating each book, the essayists also cut across texts to chart the most important central concepts, such as the messiah, covenants, and the end times. Carefully constructed reception history of both testaments rounds out the volume. Comprehensive and foundational, this collection will serve as an essential resource for biblical scholars for years to come.